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Gabriele, Alison – Second Language Research, 2021
This commentary discusses Westergaard's (2021) keynote article, which presents a comprehensive model of first language (L1), second language (L2), and third language (L3) acquisition. The commentary presents evidence from a previous study of L3 learners that provides support for Westergaard's property-by-property transfer proposal. The commentary…
Descriptors: Multilingualism, Second Language Learning, Native Language, Linguistic Theory
Hou, Lynn; Morford, Jill P. – First Language, 2020
The visual-manual modality of sign languages renders them a unique test case for language acquisition and processing theories. In this commentary the authors describe evidence from signed languages, and ask whether it is consistent with Ambridge's proposal. The evidence includes recent research on collocations in American Sign Language that reveal…
Descriptors: Sign Language, Phrase Structure, American Sign Language, Syntax
MacWhinney, Brian – First Language, 2020
Ambridge argues persuasively for the importance in language learning of a rich database of input exemplars. However, a fuller account must also consider the importance of on-line and developmental competition between rote exemplar-based storage and emergent patterns that can optimize retrieval. [For Ben Ambridge's "Against Stored…
Descriptors: Competition, Language Acquisition, Rote Learning, Models
Stringer, David – Second Language Research, 2021
Westergaard (2021) presents an updated account of the Linguistic Proximity Model and the micro-cue approach to the parser as an acquisition device. The property-by-property view of transfer inherent in this approach contrasts with other influential models that assume that third language (L3) acquisition involves the creation of a full copy of only…
Descriptors: Transfer of Training, Linguistic Theory, Second Language Learning, Multilingualism
Koring, Loes; Giblin, Iain; Thornton, Rosalind; Crain, Stephen – First Language, 2020
This response argues against the proposal that novel utterances are formed by analogy with stored exemplars that are close in meaning. Strings of words that are similar in meaning or even identical can behave very differently once inserted into different syntactic environments. Furthermore, phrases with similar meanings but different underlying…
Descriptors: Language Acquisition, Figurative Language, Syntax, Phrase Structure
Flynn, Suzanne – Second Language Research, 2021
This provocative article raises many important issues that need to be addressed and in so doing will advance the fields of second language (L2) and third language (L3) acquisition in several important ways. Fundamental questions concerning multilingual development persist especially with respect to the role of Universal Grammar in this language…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Multilingualism, Native Language, Linguistic Theory
Rose, Yvan – First Language, 2020
Ambridge's proposal cannot account for the most basic observations about phonological patterns in human languages. Outside of the earliest stages of phonological production by toddlers, the phonological systems of speakers/learners exhibit internal behaviours that point to the representation and processing of inter-related units ranging in size…
Descriptors: Phonology, Language Patterns, Toddlers, Language Processing
Naigles, Letitia R. – First Language, 2020
This commentary critiques Ambridge's radical exemplar model of language acquisition using research from the Longitudinal Study of Early Language, which has tracked the language development of 30+ children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) since 2002. This research has demonstrated that the children's capacity for abstraction at the grammatical…
Descriptors: Language Acquisition, Longitudinal Studies, Grammar, Models
Hartshorne, Joshua K. – First Language, 2020
Ambridge argues that the existence of exemplar models for individual phenomena (words, inflection rules, etc.) suggests the feasibility of a unified, exemplars-everywhere model that eschews abstraction. The argument would be strengthened by a description of such a model. However, none is provided. I show that any attempt to do so would immediately…
Descriptors: Models, Language Acquisition, Language Processing, Bayesian Statistics
Lieven, Elena; Ferry, Alissa; Theakston, Anna; Twomey, Katherine E. – First Language, 2020
During language acquisition children generalise at multiple layers of granularity. Ambridge argues that abstraction-based accounts suffer from lumping (over-general abstractions) or splitting (over-precise abstractions). Ambridge argues that the only way to overcome this conundrum is in a purely exemplar/analogy-based system in which…
Descriptors: Language Acquisition, Children, Generalization, Abstract Reasoning
Schwartz, Bonnie D.; Sprouse, Rex A. – Second Language Research, 2021
In her keynote article advocating the Linguistic Proximity Model for third language (L3) acquisition, Westergaard (2021) presents several arguments against 'copying and restructuring' in nonnative language acquisition, mechanisms central to Schwartz and Sprouse's (1996) Full Transfer/Full Access model of second language (L2) acquisition. In this…
Descriptors: Linguistic Theory, Second Language Learning, Native Language, Transfer of Training
Zettersten, Martin; Schonberg, Christina; Lupyan, Gary – First Language, 2020
This article reviews two aspects of human learning: (1) people draw inferences that appear to rely on hierarchical conceptual representations; (2) some categories are much easier to learn than others given the same number of exemplars, and some categories remain difficult despite extensive training. Both of these results are difficult to reconcile…
Descriptors: Models, Language Acquisition, Prediction, Language Processing
McClelland, James L. – First Language, 2020
Humans are sensitive to the properties of individual items, and exemplar models are useful for capturing this sensitivity. I am a proponent of an extension of exemplar-based architectures that I briefly describe. However, exemplar models are very shallow architectures in which it is necessary to stipulate a set of primitive elements that make up…
Descriptors: Models, Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Language Usage
Adger, David – First Language, 2020
The syntactic behaviour of human beings cannot be explained by analogical generalization on the basis of concrete exemplars: analogies in surface form are insufficient to account for human grammatical knowledge, because they fail to hold in situations where they should, and fail to extend in situations where they need to. [For Ben Ambridge's…
Descriptors: Syntax, Figurative Language, Models, Generalization
Knabe, Melina L.; Vlach, Haley A. – First Language, 2020
Ambridge argues that there is widespread agreement among child language researchers that learners store linguistic abstractions. In this commentary the authors first argue that this assumption is incorrect; anti-representationalist/exemplar views are pervasive in theories of child language. Next, the authors outline what has been learned from this…
Descriptors: Child Language, Children, Language Acquisition, Models