In "Bird by Bird", Anne Lamott compares writing to a tea ceremony: "That thing you had to force yourself to do--the actual act of writing, turns out to be the best part. It's like discovering that while you thought you needed the tea ceremony for the caffeine, what you really needed was the tea ceremony. The act of writing turns out to be its own…

Uses examples from the writing process and critical thinking to illustrate "reification," a habit of mind which rigidifies and reduces a general and fluid process. Advocates reflection as a means to a broader sense of research and teaching and to more direct engagement with the practice of teaching, writing, and learning. (SR)

Explains how a teacher teaches process writing in her mainstream high school classes, despite her obligation to cover grammar, literature, vocabulary, research, and communication. Shows how some approaches to process writing can be modified to fit it into a tighter, more structured course. (TB)

Provides discussion and critical analysis of three key models for teaching freshman composition courses. Discusses approaches centered on writing as product, writing as process, and writing as system. Considers what might be the common ground that these three approaches to writing instruction share. (HB)

Notes post-process theories of composition instruction suggest that process is no longer an adequate explanation of the writing act. Explains how post-process theory can contribute to composition pedagogy. Argues that post-process theory encourages educators to reexamine the definition of writing as an activity rather than a body of knowledge,…

Argues the relative merits of using in-process and retrospective journals, during and after the writing process, to empower students to explore and use their own ways of constructing knowledge to make connections as they write. (KEH)

Analyzes the ways in which writing is thinking. Illustrates this claim by showing how writing engages thinking, how writing reveals thinking, and how writing clarifies thinking. Provides concrete ways that writing teachers can model the writing process. (HB)

Addresses the question of how teachers can best use writing style imitation to strengthen student composition by exploring validity of claims made for usefulness of models in teaching ESL writing; range, goals, and effectiveness of model-based exercises and writing-tasks; and advantages of process-oriented approach to writing. (Author/BK)

Notes that recent critiques of process approaches to writing claim that an implicit mode of instruction privileging mainstream students is typical of process approaches. Traces implicit instruction to the structuralist intellectual tradition. Concludes that a poststructuralist appreciation of differences, especially difference among discourses,…

Maintains that the unfettered process approach to writing instruction has been just as artificial as the traditional skill training approach and that students need structure, models to practice from, and improvement of mechanical skills, as well as time to think through their ideas, to revise them, and to write for real audiences. (EL)

Argues that little is known about the teaching of writing beyond what good teachers have always known: that some students learn without teachers; that some students learn if they are given simple assignments, have their papers read with respect, and are taught the few simple things that can be demonstrated simply. (RS)

Argues that writing is customarily taught by methods guaranteed to produce as little meaning as possible. Shows that current pedagogies are more limited than they need to be. Argues for a new paradigm, related to information theory, which allows new ideas about how meaning is expressed in communications. (SR)

Kenneth Burke has continued to exert a profound influence on recent theories of composition and rhetoric, specifically on how writing might be taught in the classroom. Two recent composition textbooks, "Process, Form, and Substance: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers" by Richard Coe and "Writing Is Critical Action" by Tilly…

Argues that the metaphor of writing as cognitive mapping can serve not as a basis for a new model or theory of writing, but as an attitudinal guide for concerns with writing and instruction. Notes that the term "cognitive mapping" suggests that the mental world can be seen metaphorically as a physical world. (RS)

Process approaches are defined and their roles in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) and English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) writing instruction are discussed. Three different meanings of process are reviewed, the ESL/EFL writing literature is analyzed, and some problems in implementing process writing pedagogy are identified. (Contains 135…