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Deming, John C.; O'Donnell, Jacqueline R.; Malone, Christopher J. – Science Educator, 2012
Prior research suggests that students' understanding of scientific concepts is pre-determined by their reasoning ability. Other efforts suggest that American students' scientific literacy is in decline. One difficulty Bybee (2009) acknowledges is that there are two divergent philosophical models of scientific literacy. The first describes the…
Descriptors: Thinking Skills, Scientific Concepts, National Norms, Scientific Literacy
National Assessment Governing Board, 2010
As the ongoing national indicator of what American students know and can do, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in Reading regularly collects achievement information on representative samples of students in grades 4, 8, and 12. Through "The Nation's Report Card," the NAEP Reading Assessment reports how well students…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Reading Achievement, Exhibits, Grade 4