Asserts the importance of psychological and spiritual factors in the treatment of chronic illness. Discusses the inevitably of sickness, old age, and death, as well as the presence of the physician, patience, pain, and hope. Maintains that reflection on these qualities can benefit both the physician and patient. (MJP)

Maintains that cultural beliefs of both the care provider and the patient affect the patient's care-seeking behavior, treatment options, and treatment choices. Provides cross-cultural examples of how they impact on several chronic illnesses and argues for a dual medical approach for treatment. (MJP)