Discusses the use of manipulative materials to model operations and algorithms. Indicates that they clarify the several interpretations of each operation, establish a basis for correct mathematical language, and show why algorithms work. (JN)

Outlines various subtraction methods, such as the decomposition method, equal-addends method, and low-stress algorithm. Describes a subtraction method by addition of complements. Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the method. (YP)

Presents an easy method for constructing magic squares from three-by-three to general squares. Provides a computer program generating odd-order magic squares. Six references are listed. (YP)

The author suggests that, through using the outlined question model and suggested classroom activities, elementary students will improve their abilities to analyze routine, one-step word problems and make a plan for the solution. It is further argued that the same algorithm can be applied to multistep problems by using specified questions. (PK)