Discusses how linguistic and ethnological investigation have been key factors in the establishment of an indigenous bilingual education program with the Karaja Amerindians in Brazil. Program elements described include study of both Karaja and Portuguese with indigenous bilingual teachers; production of culturally and linguistically appropriate…

Describes a model of bilingual-bicultural education developed for the Karaja, an indigenous group in Brazil whose language had previously been unwritten. Factors of the literacy-based model's success include indigenous teachers; teacher-developed innovations and didactic materials for the bilingual classroom; and a team-teaching approach.…

Three psycho-educational principles are outlined (additive bilingual enrichment principle, interdependence principle, and sufficient communicative interactive principle) to illustrate research on the maintenance of Frisian among native speakers and the development of Frisian fluency among native Dutch speakers. (Author/CB)