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Happs, John C.; Stead, Keith – Research in Science and Technological Education, 1989
Considered are two commonly used techniques, the interview and word association techniques. Highlighted is a third technique called the repertory grid. This third technique can be used to interpret students' knowledge based on an explicit, psychological theory of human behavior. (Author/CW)
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Cognitive Structures, Evaluation Methods, Interviews

Head, John – Research in Science and Technological Education, 1986
Offers perspectives on research related to students' ideas about science prior to instruction. Discusses possible origins of prior knowledge, the requirements for conceptual change, and reviews instructional implications. (ML)
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Concept Formation, Elementary School Science, Elementary Secondary Education