The Belgian Constitution holds an obligation for governmental schools to organise RE in the recognised religions and in non-confessional ethics for all children of school age. While neither the Flemish nor the French Community legislator can thus abandon RE altogether, both legislators have recently taken initiatives, moving beyond the opt-out…

International relations is often confusing for students. IR theories are introduced as parsimonious and elegant and then systematically challenged as students learn more about detailed events. There are rules, there are norms, and states follow them until they don't. East Asia increases these challenges because it often undermines IR theory.…

This paper follows on from the previous bulletin (Redford, 2016), which covered the education remit of the Parliament's Education and Skills Committee between February and August 2016. The following bulletin covers the Education remit of the Education and Skills Committee from September 2016 to January 2017.

This paper follows on from the previous bulletin (Redford 2017), which covered the education remit of the Parliament's Education and Skills Committee between February 2017 and June 2017. The following bulletin covers the Education remit of the Education and Skills Committee from August 2017 to January 2018.

This paper follows on from the previous bulletin (Redford 2015), which covered the education remit of the Parliament's Education and Culture Committee between February 2015 to August 2015. This bulletin covers the remit of the Education and Culture Committee from September 2015 to February 2016.

This paper follows on from the previous bulletin (Redford 2015), which covered the education remit of the Parliament's Education and Culture Committee between February 2015 to August 2015. This bulletin covers the remit of the Education and Culture Committee from September 2015 to February 2016. [This is a republished article. To view the original…

This paper follows on from the previous bulletin (Redford 2017), which covered the education remit of the Parliament's Education and Skills Committee between September 2016 and January 2017. The following bulletin covers the Education remit of the Education and Skills Committee from January to August 2017.

The author of this article expands the background theory of voting to incorporate the undergraduate majors of members of Congress. Examining nine votes on trade across the 109th and 110th Congresses reveals that economics majors are the only category of college major to vote in favor of free trade in a predictable way. Controls for a variety of…

This article examines the work of Lady Nancy Astor (1879-1964) in campaigning for nursery education and nursery schools in Britain from the late 1920s until the Second World War. Arguably no elected politician in England at any time, including the present, has identified themselves more closely with the cause of nursery schooling in Britain.…

A Chinese list of the world's top universities would seem an unlikely concern for French politicians. But this year, France's legislature took aim at the annual rankings produced by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, which claims to list the 500 best universities in the world. The highest-ranked French entry, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, comes in…

Today's children may be exposed to violence in their environment, through the media, at home, and in school. Some children live in countries at war, while others survive in neighborhoods where street gangs prevail. Most parents and children used to assume they could depend upon schools to be safe places, free from abuse and violence. Now it seems…

An outline of the French electoral system covers the voters and their voting rights, assembly seats and candidates, political campaigning, allocation of assembly seats, balloting system, and recent coalitions. Election results for a bibliography are appended. (MSE)

This paper describes the development of a parliamentary research service in Egypt. The first part investigates the impact on the Egyptian parliament (the People's Assembly) of the development of a new social and cultural environment that fostered the democratization process. The second part deals with how the establishment of a parliamentary…

A clerk in the procedural service of Canada's House of Commons describes functions of the service, his duties in the procedure and reference section, and the applicability of his training in library science to these duties. Library school students are advised to look for wider applications of their skills. (CLB)

This issue includes six articles that discuss access to information provided by computerized databases and communications networks for legislators. Highlights include state legislative systems; information systems in the Senate; online services in the House of Representatives; information technology in the Congressional Research Service; the…