Several variants of the autoregressive structural equation model were suggested over the past years, including, for example, the random intercept autoregressive panel model, the latent curve model with structured residuals, and the STARTS model. The present work shows how to place these models into a mixed-effects model framework and how to…

Clustered data structures are common in many areas of educational and psychological research (e.g., students clustered in schools, patients clustered by clinician). In the course of conducting research, questions are often administered to obtain scores reflecting latent constructs. Multilevel measurement models (MLMMs) allow for modeling…

Longitudinal data analysis in education is the study growth over time. A longitudinal study is one in which repeated observations of the same variables are recorded for the same individuals over a period of time. This type of research is known by many names (e.g., time series analysis or repeated measures design), each of which can imply subtle…