Research on teaching effectiveness, especially those concerning teaching approaches and instructional strategies, rarely shows conclusively the effectiveness of an intervention. Then, these (quasi-) experimental studies on teaching effectiveness often involve distal measures of teaching components. In this article, the focus is on another likely…

The central purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the many ways in which special educators can generate and think about causal inference to inform policy and practice. Consideration of causality across different lenses can be carried out by engaging in multiple method and mixed methods ways of thinking about inference. This article…

Advanced high-school courses, such as Advanced Placement (AP) courses in the United States, present a content selection conundrum of major proportions. Judicious content selection is necessary if students are to learn subject matter meaningfully, but the sheer breadth of tested material in these courses promotes nearly the opposite:…