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Anna Granias; Anne Li; Naw-Amelia Kacher – Wilder Research, 2025
In an era where information is both abundant and increasingly complex, school library media centers (LMCs) serve as hubs for learning, creativity, and critical thought. Yet, little to no data exist describing the state of school LMCs in Minnesota. During the 2023 Minnesota legislative session, Minnesota's Multicounty Multitype Library Systems…
Descriptors: School Libraries, Educational Legislation, State Aid, Census Figures
Joseph Hedger; Celina Pierrottet – State Education Standard, 2025
For at least two decades, several California schools have embraced a community schools model that marries schools and community organizations to seamlessly provide a variety of supports to students and families in communities with the highest needs. But when the pandemic hit, those needs multiplied. Members of the California State Board of…
Descriptors: Community Schools, Educational Improvement, State Aid, Resource Allocation
Indira Dammu; Bonnie O'Keefe; Jennifer O'Neal Schiess – Bellwether, 2023
All states have a formula that determines how state funding is distributed to school districts. Most state formulas anticipate or require that school districts raise some funds locally and adjust state allocations based on that anticipated local share of school funding. In theory, state funding formulas attempt to provide school districts with the…
Descriptors: Funding Formulas, State Aid, Resource Allocation, Educational Finance
Danielle Farrie – Education Law Center, 2024
New Jersey, like many states, has long struggled with the tension of maintaining a well-funded public education system while not overburdening residents with high property taxes. New Jersey's school funding formula, 2008's School Funding Reform Act (SFRA), includes a determination of how much local funding -- raised through property taxes -- is…
Descriptors: Public Education, Funding Formulas, Taxes, State Legislation
Indira Dammu; Bonnie O'Keefe – Bellwether, 2024
English learners (ELs) are one of the fastest-growing student groups in the U.S. K-12 system, making up about one in 10 students enrolled in public schools nationwide. Despite research showing that EL students need more resources and supports to be successful in school, funding at the federal, state, and local levels to provide those additional…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, English Language Learners, Elementary Secondary Education, Financial Support
Skinner, Rebecca R.; Sorenson, Isobel – Congressional Research Service, 2023
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to support elementary and secondary education. The Title I-A program is the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA and was funded at $17.5 billion for FY2022.…
Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education, Educational Legislation, Federal Legislation, Educational Finance
Anna Granias; Anne Li – Wilder Research, 2025
In spring 2024, the Multicounty Multitype Library Systems, supported by State Library Services, conducted a census of K-12 public and charter schools in Minnesota to learn about the status of school libraries. A total of 1,528 out of 1,777 eligible schools completed the census. The findings can help legislators, school staff, librarians, and…
Descriptors: School Libraries, Public Schools, Charter Schools, Educational Legislation
Krista Kaput; Jennifer O’Neal Schiess – Bellwether, 2024
The federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) entitles students with disabilities to a free appropriate public education. Students with disabilities often require additional support to enable them to achieve academic and functional goals relative to their nondisabled peers. These legally protected supports and services all add up…
Descriptors: Federal Legislation, Students with Disabilities, Educational Legislation, Equal Education
Linea Koehler; Bonnie O’Keefe – Bellwether, 2023
State school finance systems can play an essential role in directing additional resources to schools serving economically disadvantaged students, and research suggests that these resources can make a measurable difference in student outcomes. The vast majority of states (45) allocate some funding to districts based on their enrollment of…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, State Aid, Resource Allocation, Economically Disadvantaged
Skinner, Rebecca R.; Sorenson, Isobel – Congressional Research Service, 2022
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently comprehensively amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95), is the primary source of federal aid to support elementary and secondary education. The Title I-A program is the largest grant program authorized under the ESEA and was funded at $16.3 billion for FY2020.…
Descriptors: State Aid, Grants, Educational Finance, Federal Legislation
Indira Dammu; Bonnie O'Keefe; Jennifer O'Neal Schiess – Bellwether, 2023
State funding formulas shape how much money school districts have to spend, but districts usually have considerable discretion with how they distribute funds to schools. Because of this discretion, even if districts receive funds through a highly equitable state system, there is no guarantee that districts will distribute funding equitably to…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, School Districts, Resource Allocation, State Aid
Dammu, Indira; O'Keefe, Bonnie; Schiess, Jennifer O'Neal – Bellwether, 2022
The vast majority of funds for pre-K through grade 12 public schools in the United States -- nearly $800 billion or over 90% -- come from state and local funding sources. States, not school districts, are obligated to ensure that all students have access to the resources they need to succeed. States can take steps to reduce disparities between…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, Educational Equity (Finance), State Aid, Public Schools

Stephanie Barton – Grantee Submission, 2023
To jump-start educational recovery after the disruptions from COVID-19, the federal and state governments sent billions in one-time stimulus funds to school districts. California allocated much of its stimulus funding to districts based on their shares of low-income students--a proxy for student need and the main way California directs money…
Descriptors: State Aid, Educational Finance, Financial Support, COVID-19
Robert Kelchen – Journal of Postsecondary Student Success, 2024
Public colleges and universities are a key driver of social and economic mobility, yet they also face increasingly challenging financial and political environments. In this essay, I discuss four key areas in which state higher education policy can influence student success and equity: the amount of funding provided, funding allocation mechanisms,…
Descriptors: State Colleges, State Universities, State Policy, Educational Policy
Linea Koehler; Bonnie O'Keefe – Bellwether, 2023
Construction and maintenance of school facilities are big cost drivers for schools, and the quality of school facilities can make a difference in student learning and health. Notably, school building construction is the second-highest capital expenditure of state and local funds, trailing only investments in infrastructure like roads. Ensuring…
Descriptors: Educational Finance, Educational Facilities, State Aid, School Construction