California has seen recent policy changes, including the adoption of new standards, revised funding formulas and updated accountability mechanisms, all aimed at increasing equity and improving student outcomes. Yet, challenges in serving students with disabilities persist for many school districts. Solutions to these challenges compel additional…

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that schools assist students with disabilities to develop independent living skills and abilities essential to succeed in most of their life's endeavors. According to the law, each student with a disability must have an individualized education program (IEP), and the IEP must address…

The law currently binding in Poland favors students with disabilities and SEN. The parents have a right to choose between many forms of education and facilities which, in their opinion and according to the suggestions of a psychological and educational support centre, will give their child the best opportunities of development. The Ministry of…

Students identified with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD) present a special case within special educational needs (SEN) and inclusion. EBD is perhaps the only category of SEN that exposes a child to increased risk of exclusion as a function of the very SEN identified as requiring special provision in the first instance. Students…

Guy M. Whipple, a psychologist, best known for his work in mental testing, was the author of 1910 seminal two-volume "Manual of Mental and Physical Tests," which stood as the exclusive reference of psychological testers for nearly 20 years. Whipple was known for having described democratic education as the "equity of opportunity," and he asserted…

The use of various resources in special education in Scotland is described in this collection of 12 papers. Written by classroom teachers, the first five relate individual attempts to deal with particular problems, i.e., science education for the visually handicapped, two different approaches to teaching the mentally handicapped, art for the…

The article examines the omission of special education as a focus of concern in recent national reports and analyses concerned with excellence in education, including negative implications for low-achieving students and those currently receiving special services. The effect of current political and economic variables on educational trends is…

This report contains statistics of schools and classes for feeble-minded and for subnormal children. These children are instructed in three types of schools. State schools and private schools accept mental defectives who are not insane nor charged with criminal acts. The city day schools accept children who are subnormal, backward, and mentally…