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Jenni Ingram; Jamie Stiff; Stuart Cadwallader; Gabriel Lee; Heather Kayton – UK Department for Education, 2023
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) assesses the knowledge and skills in mathematics, reading and science of 15-year-old pupils in countries around the world. PISA is run by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and assessment is typically undertaken every 3 years, allowing us to chart how…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, International Assessment, Achievement Tests, Secondary School Students
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Klette, Kirsti; Blikstad-Balas, Marte – European Educational Research Journal, 2018
The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of coding and observation manuals in classroom studies. While observation manuals have been a part of the methodological toolkit for measuring various aspects of instruction for decades, the field has also been suffering from "paradigm wars," fragmentation and local production of instruments.…
Descriptors: Classroom Observation Techniques, Guides, Coding, Research Methodology