The authors propose a concise formula to evaluate the standard error of the estimated latent variable score when the true values of the structural parameters are not known and must be estimated. The formula can be applied to factor scores in factor analysis or ability parameters in item response theory, without bootstrap or Markov chain Monte…

Individuals routinely rate themselves higher than their peers on a number of attributes and capabilities, including their satisfaction with life. However, the construct validity of this above-average effect requires specific psychometric properties of ratings of one's contentment and ratings of others' perceived contentment. This article tests…

Studied the population discrepancy of coefficient alpha from the composite reliability coefficient for fixed congeneric measures with correlated errors and expressed it in terms of parameters of the measures. Recommends structural equation modeling for identifying cases in which the discrepancy can be large. (SLD)

A general approach is proposed to avoid improper solutions in structural equation models. The constrained estimation approach presented, which is based on an adaptation of a globally convergent method for nonlinear programming, has worked well in all trials. (SLD)

A general structural modeling approach to correlates and predictors of change in multiwave design is discussed. It allows estimation of theoretically and empirically relevant interrelationship indexes between growth and decline in longitudinally assessed psychological constructs and additional variables. Data from a study of aged adults illustrate…

Examines the relationship between Cronbach's coefficient alpha and the reliability of a composite of a prespecified set of interrelated nonhomogeneous components through simulation. Shows that alpha can over- or underestimate scale reliability at the population level. Illustrates the bias in terms of structural parameters. (SLD)

An example application of latent growth methodology used to analyze developmental change in adolescent alcohol consumption is presented. Findings are discussed with reference to the utility of latent growth curve models for assessing developmental processes of both the inter- and intra-individual level across a variety of behavioral domains. (SLD)

Problems in the measurement of latent variables (LVs) in structural equations causal models are presented, with examples from recent empirical studies. Main issues addressed are (1) two general types of increased operative variables; (2) criteria for indicators of LVs; and (3) disattenuation effects in LV models. (SLD)

A general structural equation model for measuring residualized true change and studying patterns of true growth or decline is described. This approach allows consistent and efficient estimation of the degree of interrelationship between residualized change in a repeatedly assessed psychological construct and other variables. (SLD)