The study identified distinct patterns of parental practices that differentially influence adolescent behavior using the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88) database. Following Brenner and Fox's research model (1999), the cluster analysis was used to classify the four types of parental practices. The clusters of parenting practices…

Examines the student-discipline policies developed for an inner-city elementary school and grounded in a philosophy of developing individual locus of control. Recommendations for other schools are based on an interactionist theory of student discipline that sees schooling as a process promoting internal control. High expectations for all students…

At-risk students are defined as those who are in danger of not graduating from school. These potential dropouts can be characterized by a variety of factors that lead to educational underachievement. In this study, the outcome explored is "outcast," a combination of student behavioral factors that captures student alienation from school…