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Reys, Barbara; Lappan, Glenda – Phi Delta Kappan, 2007
Since 2002, 38 states have developed or revised their mathematics curriculum standards, some of which are intended to serve as "models" for local districts, while others are mandatory and specify the mathematics all students in the state are expected to learn at particular grades. The state curriculum standards serve as guidelines for shaping each…
Descriptors: Instructional Program Divisions, Mathematics Curriculum, State Standards, Mathematics Education
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Alexander, James R.M.; Martin, Frances – Journal of School Psychology, 2004
During the school years, psychological test norms may be indexed by age or by grade. A number of studies have shown that using age-based norms appears to produce biases associated with grade assignment. Cahan and Cohen [Child Dev. 60 (1989) 1239-1249] showed that the effect of one grade was over twice the effect of 1 year of age for most verbal…
Descriptors: Test Norms, Cognitive Ability, Verbal Ability, Reading Tests