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Direct linkBlechert, Jens; Michael, Tanja; Williams, S. Lloyd; Purkis, Helena M.; Wilhelm, Frank H. – Learning and Motivation, 2008
Contemporary theories of Pavlovian conditioning propose a distinction between signal learning (SL), in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes a predictor for a biologically significant unconditioned stimulus (US), and evaluative learning (EL), in which the valence of the US is transferred to the CS. This distinction is based largely on the…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Classical Conditioning, Psychophysiology, Fear
Sandler, Adrian – Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 2005
Recent clinical trials of secretin in children with autism showed robust placebo effects and no benefit of secretin over placebo. This article explores the reasons for the observed placebo effects, focusing on the heightening of positive expectancy by media attention and by the sensory experiences associated with intravenous injections.…
Descriptors: Research Design, Autism, Hyperactivity, Developmental Disabilities
