"Residential segregation's causes are both knowable and known," writes Richard Rothstein. According to Rothstein, those causes are "20th century federal, state, and local policies explicitly designed to separate the races." Even seasoned policymakers are convinced that the residential isolation of low-income black children is…

Background: In 1954, the "Brown v. Board of Education" case involved four states and their school segregation laws and policies. During that period, de jure and de facto segregation were a way of life in America. Sixty years later, as most schools across the country have resegregated, the authors ask the question of whether we should be…

This report analyzes the data on changes in patterns of racial segregation and their education consequences over a quarter century, from l987 to 2012. It examines a major transition in the racial and ethnic composition of Connecticut and the changes in integration and segregation in the schools of the state and its urban communities and it…

Reports findings of a research project designed to help administrators understand the magnitude and variety of litigation in education. Discusses lawsuit categories, uses a computer database to determine category frequency, and surveys school district litigation experience to determine which educational practice areas entail the greatest exposure…

Reviews the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) and examines key ongoing issues in school segregation. "Brown II" (1955), which addressed remedies, mandated neither a timetable nor an immediate eradication of school segregation. Because of its focus on equal education opportunities,…

In Missouri v. Jenkins (1995), the U.S. Supreme Court examined Kansas City's expensive and ambitious desegregation remedy, which exceeded the district court's discretionary authority. The court demanded an intradistrict remedy no longer reliant on making programs and facilities so outstanding that suburban students would voluntarily transfer to…

Examines the courts' role in desegregating American schools in the 40 years since "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" and discusses reasons why desegregation is still a desirable goal for public schools. Having recognized its limited power to end segregation during the 1970s, the U.S. Supreme Court is gradually relinquishing…

Explains numerous reasons for ever-increasing school costs, including court decisions involving busing, private school aid, education of illegal aliens' children, bilingual and second-language programs, and use of school facilities. Federal and state legislation and regulations and societal demands (for afterschool care and security systems) have…

Describes the progress made to improve the educational experience of Latinos incident to Brown v Board of Education as well as the legal history of Latino desegregation. It focuses on bilingual education as a remedy for educational inequity and on the rise of multicultural education, the latest instructional approach to emerge in the evolution of…

The purpose of this report is to examine what effect the increase in the number of schools obtaining unitary status has had on the racial balance of schools that were previously under court order. Specifically, the report examines whether levels of integration tend to erode as consent decrees are lifted. To that end, the Commission collected data…

Examination of the social contexts and circumstances leading to the Brown versus Board of Education decision (1954) and subsequent events reveals that in spite of the promises of school desegregation, repressed learning opportunities continue for African American children. Changes brought by desegregation have been too fragmented and isolated.…

To improve the education of black students and to encourage desegregation, a federal judge ordered the Kansas City (Missouri) school district to come up with a cost-is-no-object educational plan and ordered local and state taxpayers to find the money to pay for it. Kansas City spent as much as $11,700 per pupil, more money per pupil on a cost of…

In 1974, the Supreme Court in "Milliken v. Bradley" blocked a major effort to desegregate isolated urban areas by establishing stringent legal standards that made it very difficult for plaintiffs to include suburbs in desegregation remedies. Three years later a second Milliken decision (Milliken II) authorized lower Federal courts to…

When a qualified white student was denied admission to an elite public school, her father sued the Boston Public School Committee, claiming the new, racially based admissions policy violated the Equal Protection Clause. The First Circuit Court reversed a lower court decision for the school committee, because the admission policy served no…

This study of the reaction to forced busing in Boston (Massachusetts) that emerged in 1974 illustrates the persistence of race and class discrimination and the counterproductiveness of some imposed solutions. It is focused on white antibusing groups and the complexities of opposition to busing. Racism is essential to understanding the Boston…