The aim of the current study is to validate the invariance of major profile patterns derived from multidimensional scaling (MDS) by bootstrapping. Profile Analysis via Multidimensional Scaling (PAMS) was employed to obtain profiles and bootstrapping was used to construct the sampling distributions of the profile coordinates and the empirical…

As an alternative to statistical testing, effect size has a non-monotonic linkage with practical importance. Besides random variance and systematic bias, a proper interpretation of effect size hinges on its implication to outcomes of deductive and/or inductive enquiries. Consequently, a small effect size might suggest an important finding, and the…