This study investigates the effect of familiar musical distractors on the cognitive performance of introverts and extraverts. Participants completed a verbal, numerical and logic test in three music conditions: vocal music, instrumental music and silence. It was predicted that introverts would perform worse with vocal music, better with…

It is argued that it is as necessary to gauge a student's interest in and respect for his/her learning as his/her skills and knowledge. Definitions of beliefs, attitudes, disposition, and motivation as they relate to measurement are proposed, and two measurement methods--systematic observation and a consequences questionnaire--are presented. (MSE)