The current study investigated the influence of rewards on very young children's helping behavior. After 20-month-old infants received a material reward during a treatment phase, they subsequently were less likely to engage in further helping during a test phase as compared with infants who had previously received social praise or no reward at…

Teachers who regularly "enable" or rescue students are inadvertently reinforcing irresponsible behaviors that undermine students' self-esteem. This article discusses how and why "enabling" occurs in schools, how it affects students, and how "codependent" adults can minimize behaviors allowing students to avoid responsibilities and opportunities…

Principals help teachers become more reflective practitioners by providing a supportive environment, using specific facilitative behaviors (asking questions, informally critiquing, and questioning program irregularities), and enabling program implementation. Principals create a supportive environment by encouraging justification of practice,…

Reassessment for reentry has become a popular concept on college campuses as more nontraditional students return to college. A reassessment series, offered at the University of California-Davis from 1973-1977, was evaluated in a one-year follow-up study of the life changes for 234 female and 12 male participants. Data indicated that life change…

The potential for helping children of alcoholic parents to understand and to cope with the problems they experience was examined. Areas were explored in which supportive services may be provided to children of alcoholic parents. It was concluded that the school staff who have close, continuous contact would be the best and most accessible…