Distinguishing between motivation and cognition in goal-directed activity is discussed; goal and energy are assessed from motivational and cognitive viewpoints. Motivation is a broader concept than cognition. If a problem or goal-solving activity is ego-involving or self-challenging and affects the individual's personal standards, the term…

The nature of controversial programs is discussed, including problems that such programs pose for evaluators and suggested solutions for the problems. Controversial programs are likely to generate news-media attention, internal conflicts (i.e., involving the program and evaluation staffs) and external conflicts (i.e., involving various advocacy…

Evaluates a junior high school social studies program which emphasizes integration of content with developmental problem solving and writing skills. The four major skill components are analyzing social studies questions, demonstrating understanding of the questions, recording relevant information, and summarizing material. For journal…

Educational technology tends to be characterized by a lack of targets; therefore, it is time for education to define its targets in aspiring to the school of the future and consider the option of calling in experts from other fields to help in problem solving. This paper predicts that while classroom design may not change too much, classrooms will…