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Holland, Paul W. – 1988
D. B. Rubin's model for causal inference in experiments and observational studies is enlarged to analyze the problem of "causes causing causes" and is compared to path analysis and recursive structural equations models. A special quasiexperimental design, the encouragement design, is used to give concreteness to the discussion by…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Observation, Path Analysis, Quasiexperimental Design