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Cunningham, Anna J.; Carroll, Julia M. – Scientific Studies of Reading, 2011
We investigate the effects of age-related factors and formal instruction on the development of reading-related skills in children aged 4 and 7 years. Age effects were determined by comparing two groups of children at the onset of formal schooling; one aged 7 (later-schooled) and one aged 4 (earlier-schooled). Schooling effects were measured by…
Descriptors: Reading Difficulties, Phonological Awareness, Verbal Learning, Reading Instruction
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Ding, Yi; Richman, Lynn C.; Yang, Ling-yan; Guo, Jian-peng – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2010
The purpose of this study was to evaluate rapid automatized naming skills (RAN) and immediate memory processes in 243 Chinese Mandarin-speaking elementary readers (ranging from Grade 1 to Grade 5). For RAN subtests, the mean naming time decreased monotonically with grade level in good and average readers, and a similar trajectory was found in poor…
Descriptors: Cues, Speech Communication, Reading Difficulties, Disabilities