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Green, Leonard; Myerson, Joel – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2013
People discount the value of delayed and uncertain outcomes, and how steeply individuals discount is thought to reflect how impulsive they are. From this perspective, steep discounting of delayed outcomes (which fails to maximize long-term welfare) and shallow discounting of probabilistic outcomes (which fails to adequately take risk into account)…
Descriptors: Delay of Gratification, Conceptual Tempo, Probability, Rewards
Janssen, Christian P.; Gray, Wayne D. – Cognitive Science, 2012
Reinforcement learning approaches to cognitive modeling represent task acquisition as learning to choose the sequence of steps that accomplishes the task while maximizing a reward. However, an apparently unrecognized problem for modelers is choosing when, what, and how much to reward; that is, when (the moment: end of trial, subtask, or some other…
Descriptors: Rewards, Reinforcement, Models, Memory
McKerchar, Todd L.; Renda, C. Renee – Psychological Record, 2012
The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to the concepts of delay and probability discounting as well as the major empirical findings to emerge from research with humans on these concepts. First, we review a seminal discounting study by Rachlin, Raineri, and Cross (1991) as well as an influential extension of this study by Madden,…
Descriptors: Delay of Gratification, Conceptual Tempo, Rewards, Probability
Ghitza, Udi E.; Epstein, David H.; Schmittner, John; Vahabzadeh, Massoud; Lin, Jia-Ling; Preston, Kenzie L. – Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2007
To examine the effect of reinforcer density in prize-based abstinence reinforcement, heroin/cocaine users (N = 116) in methadone maintenance (100 mg/day) were randomly assigned to a noncontingent control group (NonC) or to 1 of 3 groups that earned prize draws for abstinence: manual drawing with standard prize density (MS) or computerized drawing…
Descriptors: Narcotics, Reinforcement, Probability, Intervention

Ducharme, Joseph M.; Drain, Tammy L. – Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2004
Objective: Children with autism often demonstrate distress and oppositionality when exposed to requests to complete academic or household tasks. Errorless academic compliance training is a success-focused, noncoercive intervention for improving child cooperation with such activities. In the present study, the authors evaluated treatment and…
Descriptors: Rewards, Probability, Intervention, Cooperation
Reilly, Mark P.; Greenwald, Mark K.; Johanson, Chris-Ellyn – Psychological Record, 2006
The Stoplight Task, a procedure involving a computer analog of a stoplight, was evaluated for assessing risk taking in humans. Seventeen participants earned points later exchangeable for money by completing a response requirement before the red light appeared on a simulated traffic light. The green light signaled to start responding; it changed to…
Descriptors: Probability, Personality Assessment, Personality Traits, At Risk Persons