Suggests behavioral criteria that can be used for assessing the status of self-concept and ego development in Erikson's last three psychosocial stages. Presents three tables of different behavioral expressions, each providing examples of possible behaviors and implicit attitudes related to positive and negative ego resolutions associated with last…

Describes Campbell Development Surveys, integrated battery of five surveys covering organizational satisfaction, leadership characteristics, interests and skills, team morale, and community life. Notes that all surveys have common set of features: identical item formats, homogeneous scoring scales, standard T scores, procedural checks, and similar…

Postulates new way of describing identity development process under oppression using optimal theory. From this optimal worldview, oppression is perceived as self-alienating and yielding a fragmented sense of self, based upon devaluation by self and others. Describes optimal theory as providing new inclusive model of identity development. Describes…

Reconceptualizes issue of racial identity development so that it is not just limited to issue of oppression and provides beginning framework for conceptualizing ethnic identity development that can be used for members of both minority and majority ethnic groups. Presents propositions leading toward development of theory of ethnic group identity…

Describes Gender Aware Therapy (GAT) which integrates feminist therapy and knowledge of gender into principles of counseling for both women and men. Claims GAT encourages counselors to facilitate the development of women and men through exploration of their unique gender-related experiences. Describes foundations, principles, stages, and…

Claims that meeting the health care needs of homosexual and bisexual teenagers has become public health imperative. Points out stigma of homosexuality often gives rise to psychosocial problems for teenagers in process of sexual identity development. Offers suggestions to support healthy development, assist recovery from stigma, and avert…

Contends that identity is constituted differently depending on the culture of origin. Against backdrop of U.S. individualism, explores cultural relativity of identity and pseudospeciation (false sense of cultural specialness). Notes that this literature grounds prejudice in evolution itself and provides reasons for movement beyond individualism to…

Suggests criteria developed within context of Erikson's first five psychosocial stages that may help in evaluating self-concept and ego development. To assess strengths and weaknesses in self's growth as it progresses through the stages, five behavioral expressions tables are presented, each illustrating possible behaviors and implicit attitudes…

Discusses implications of the Downing and Roush (1985) feminist identity development model for feminist therapy with women. Describes potential pitfalls of feminist therapy and emergent issues at subsequent stages of client's identity development. Proposes research agenda for hypothesis testing of model when applied to therapy with women clients.…

Examines psychological development and "coming out" process of lesbian women with regard to career planning. Claims interaction of these issues with a model of lesbian identity provides framework for career counselors who work with lesbian individuals or couples. Lists professional associations and resources for lesbians, homosexuals,…

Presents developmental therapy as supplement to life span theory which can provide specific suggestions for clinical-counseling interventions that may be used to assess developmental level of clients, select counseling skills and theory to match client cognitive-developmental level, and obtain feedback on intervention effectiveness. Discusses…

Notes that, although spiritual wellness is an emerging area of interest in counseling, it still lacks clarity in definition and application. Attempts to define more clearly the concept of spiritual health and to describe ways to use techniques for the enhancement of spiritual wellness and the advancement of spiritual development. (Author/NB)

Views disability as opportunity for reframing physical and emotional difficulties. Explores strategies for facilitating personal healing and empowerment, including self-forgiveness and positive self-talk. (Authors/CM)

Delineates model of supervision for consultation training. Describes trainee characteristics and supervision needs across three levels of development, culminating in integrated level with developed skills across eight domains of consultation activity. Tracks development other-awareness, motivation, and autonomy. Presents suggestions for…

Presents demographic information about biracial persons, reviews previous models of racial identity development, discusses their shortcomings when applied to biracial persons, and presents new model of racial identity development focusing on unique aspects of the experience of biracial individual in the United States. Presents counseling…