Scandinavian approaches to action research aim at democratizing work life as well as the research process. The model emerging today aims to make change and learning a self-generating and self-maintaining process. (SK)

This review of China's liberation struggle, 1920-40, examines political education in the Chinese Communist army, the educational process during land reform, and the participatory process of learning in social action exemplified by the history of this period. (SK)

A three-year project to reform civics curriculum in the Czech Republic tested a progressivist model by stressing behavioral objectives. A shift was made from subject-centered civic education to skill-based citizenship education based on the abilities needed for democracy. (SK)

Reviews and evaluates the past ten years of policy development of democratized school government in the United Kingdom. Specifically examines the Taylor Committee of 1975, the Taylor Report of 1977, and subsequent development of policy through 1980, including the proposed 1986 Education Bill and Education Act. (BSR)

The transition of Estonia from totalitarian to democratic society poses challenges for adult education. Changes already taking place include voluntary training, use of private sector schools, opportunities for study abroad, reestablishment of folk high schools, and formation of the Adult Education Association of Estonia. (SK)

Middle-class moderates had begun to adopt the confrontational tactics of student protesters when the ruling party in South Korea made dramatic concessions to opposition demands for direct presidential elections. It indicates that politics is beginning to bow to societal conditions. (MLW)

Begins by reviewing widely-perceived ills of France's lower secondary schools and noting the political nature of any decision to change. Outlines the official 1982 four-point program of reform designed to move toward genuine democratization of the schools. Notes obstacles to change, but provides guidelines for a number of practices deemed helpful…

At Ruskin College full-time students take teaching methods courses and teach part-time adult students. Focus on critical adult education fosters skills connecting education and democracy to create a more just and participatory society. (SK)

This paper tracks policies in the governance of higher education over the first decade of South Africa's democracy. The first democratically elected government of 1994 was faced with the formidable task of dismantling the structures of apartheid education. The foundations for a new policy were laid by a National Commission that reported in 1996,…

Reviews facts and statistics regarding the use of emergency powers by the South African government. Details the effects of restrictions on constitutional rights and reveals that two-thirds of all killings which occurred during the state of emergency were done by security forces. (JDH)

Examines concerns about teacher education's future in light of developing policies in England and Wales. The article calls the university a center for free, open, and independent inquiry, suggests that preservice education is the application of such inquiry, and notes that such inquiry is endangered by current policies and practices. (SM)