Institutions of further education and schools have traditionally been viewed as competitors. With the rising unemployment of the late 1970s, however, the further education system in the United Kingdom began reexamining its role in preparing young people for working life. The result was a process-based approach incorporating the elements of…

Data from a 1980 population census indicates that of the over 73.5 million people in Brazil who were over 15 years of age, 25.4 percent were illiterate and 27.42 percent had less than 1 year of schooling. Such data show the precarious situation of education in Brazil, particularly that of adolescents and adults. Its origins lie in the dual nature…