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Werts, C. E.; And Others – Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1980
This paper demonstrates how the problem of calibrating measures can be formulated in terms of confirmatory factor analysis. The relationships between traditional approaches and a confirmatory factor approach are specified. (Author/CTM)
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Equated Scores, Factor Analysis, Intermediate Grades

Cliff, Norman – Psychometrika, 1979
This paper traces the course of the consequences of viewing test responses as simply providing dichotomous data concerning ordinal relations. It begins by proposing that the score matrix is best considered to be items-plus-persons by items-plus-persons, and recording the wrongs as well as the rights. (Author/CTM)
Descriptors: Adaptive Testing, Mathematical Models, Matrices, Measurement

van der Linden, Wim J. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1979
The restrictions on item difficulties that must be met when binomial models are applied to domain-referenced testing are examined. Both a deterministic and a stochastic conception of item responses are discussed with respect to difficulty and Guttman-type items. (Author/BH)
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Item Sampling, Latent Trait Theory, Mathematical Models