Empirical studies based on psychoanalytic model have concentrated on study of therapeutic process and diagnostic groups such as borderline personality disorder (BPD). Work in BPD provides paradigm for future approaches in study of second-order inferences removed from immediate observational field. Concept of structure may be clarified by empirical…

Presents a five-level taxonomy classifying counseling problems in hierarchical order. Each level is composed of inappropriate behaviors, cognitions, or expectations. Discusses interrelated characteristics which decrease from the highest to the lowest level. Gives an example of the use of the taxonomy. (Author/RC)

Introduces Heinz Kohut's psychology of the self and its counseling implications and reports on the development of 10 eight-point rating scales of counseling outcome that are derived for his theory. Reports data on interrater reliability and agreement for the 10 scales. (Author)

There are four general approaches to treatment for the symptomatic child. In individual child psychotherapy, the child is seen alone and play therapy is often utilized to help the child become aware of his feelings and express them more appropriately. In conjoint parent-child psychotherapy and counseling, the child is seen together with one…