Counseling has traditionally taken individuals and small groups as clients, a practice that applied to college counseling as well. Presents an expanded perspective for college counselors to consider by outlining a philosophical rationale, role, training, and an ethical position that supports taking the campus environment as client. (Author)

Discusses the design and implementation of alcohol and drug education efforts and programs, presenting necessary concepts for effective programing. Outlines philosophy and policy statements. Presents prevention goals and interpretation of goals into program content and methodology. Details aspects of program evaluation and advocates the need for…

Commemorating the 59th anniversary of resident outdoor education were publication of "Fifty Years of Resident Outdoor Education: 1930-1980" (William M. Hammerman, editor) and events and programs developed by over 60 universities, associations, centers, and organizations, including a contest at White Pines Ranch Outdoor Education Center…

The report is based on a 1982 conference on the status of independent living programs, community based programs run by disabled persons to provide advocacy and support services to the disabled community. The philosophy of independent living is reviewed and its attributes of community responsiveness, provision of support services and advocacy, and…

A number of counter-assumptions can be posited to challenge the usual basic assumptions of the professional literacy establishment. These counter-assumptions include the following: (1) literacy is not just a technical skill neutral across all cultures; (2) culture refers to basic questions about truth and knowledge and varies from one society to…

The importance of research in literacy is that it provides some routes to greater efficiency in literacy provision. Research from the past shows how important reading and writing have been over the centuries. Literacy was often invested with social and moral power as well, and religious literacy was the predominant form of reading and writing from…

In 1987, the department of Rio San Juan was declared the first "illiteracy-free territory" in Nicaragua, since it had reduced its rate of illiteracy from 96 percent in 1979 to 3.7 percent. This regional literacy crusade was made possible by the facts that the necessary facilities had been provided; a network of consultative committees…

This report summarizes a project undertaken to differentiate between career education and vocational education, to end confusion among educators, legislators, and the public about similarities and differences of the two, and to examine the various points of potential linkage between them. Part 1 enumerates the needs that this project tried to…

In order to explain the role that the university can play in the struggle against illiteracy, a distinction must be made between "social" illiterate people, who are dominated by oral tradition, and functional, or "uneducated" illiterate people, who usually know how to read and write, but without having sufficient understanding…