Developed as part of a document series in UNESCO's Science and Technology Education program, this volume reviews the major trends and cites the improvements in the natural science and mathematics education in the Soviet Union. Separate units are provided for the discipline areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. These sections contain such information as: (1) the content and structure of the course; (2) recent trends; (3) the role of the course; (4) methodological features; and (5) essential knowledge areas and skills. Illustrations and an annotated bibliography follow each unit. (ML)