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Download full textSijia Zhang – Journal of Organizational and Educational Leadership, 2023
School disciplinary climate influences student outcomes. As a result, examining differences in principals' perceptions of disciplinary climate within and across countries and regions may shed some light on decreasing achievement gaps. The quantitative study examined how principals from different geographical locations perceive school disciplinary…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Student Behavior, Discipline, Cultural Differences
Mullis, Ina V. S.; Martin, Michael O.; Foy, Pierre; Hooper, Martin – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2017
PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) was inaugurated in 2001 as a follow-up to International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's 1991 Reading Literacy Study. Conducted every five years, PIRLS assesses the reading achievement of young students in their fourth year of schooling--an important transition…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Grade 4, Foreign Countries, International Assessment
