Predicting student performance in international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) is crucial for understanding educational outcomes on a global scale. ILSAs, such as the Program for International Student Assessment and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, serve as vital tools for policymakers, educators, and researchers to…

Multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models have generated increasing interest in the psychometrics literature. Efficient approaches for estimating MIRT models with dichotomous responses have been developed, but constructing an equally efficient and robust algorithm for polytomous models has received limited attention. To address this gap,…

Studied the interpretation of mathematics in terms of algorithmic or coherent views of 1,287 teachers from 12 countries using responses to items from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Teachers from four high-achieving Asian countries were more likely to see mathematics as algorithmic than were teachers from four…