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Qian Zhang; Qi Wang – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
In the article, we focused on the issues of measurement error and omitted confounders while conducting mediation analysis under experimental studies. Depending on informativeness of the confounders between the mediator (M) and outcome (Y), we described two approaches. When researchers are confident that primary confounders are included (e.g.,…
Descriptors: Error of Measurement, Research and Development, Mediation Theory, Causal Models
Steffen Erickson – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024
Background: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a powerful and broadly utilized statistical framework. Researchers employ these models to dissect relationships into direct, indirect, and total effects (Bollen, 1989). These models unpack the "black box" issues within cause-and-effect studies by examining the underlying theoretical…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Causal Models, Research Methodology, Error of Measurement
Myoung-jae Lee; Goeun Lee; Jin-young Choi – Sociological Methods & Research, 2025
A linear model is often used to find the effect of a binary treatment D on a noncontinuous outcome Y with covariates X. Particularly, a binary Y gives the popular "linear probability model (LPM)," but the linear model is untenable if X contains a continuous regressor. This raises the question: what kind of treatment effect does the…
Descriptors: Probability, Least Squares Statistics, Regression (Statistics), Causal Models
Xiaohui Luo; Yueqin Hu – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
Intensive longitudinal data has been widely used to examine reciprocal or causal relations between variables. However, these variables may not be temporally aligned. This study examined the consequences and solutions of the problem of temporal misalignment in intensive longitudinal data based on dynamic structural equation models. First the impact…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Longitudinal Studies, Data Analysis, Causal Models
Ashley L. Watts; Ashley L. Greene; Wes Bonifay; Eiko L. Fried – Grantee Submission, 2023
The p-factor is a construct that is thought to explain and maybe even cause variation in all forms of psychopathology. Since its 'discovery' in 2012, hundreds of studies have been dedicated to the extraction and validation of statistical instantiations of the p-factor, called general factors of psychopathology. In this Perspective, we outline five…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Psychopathology, Goodness of Fit, Validity
Yuejin Zhou; Wenwu Wang; Tao Hu; Tiejun Tong; Zhonghua Liu – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
Causal mediation analysis is a popular approach for investigating whether the effect of an exposure on an outcome is through a mediator to better understand the underlying causal mechanism. In recent literature, mediation analysis with multiple mediators has been proposed for continuous and dichotomous outcomes. In contrast, methods for mediation…
Descriptors: Regression (Statistics), Causal Models, Evaluation Methods, Vignettes
Oscar Clivio; Avi Feller; Chris Holmes – Grantee Submission, 2024
Reweighting a distribution to minimize a distance to a target distribution is a powerful and flexible strategy for estimating a wide range of causal effects, but can be challenging in practice because optimal weights typically depend on knowledge of the underlying data generating process. In this paper, we focus on design-based weights, which do…
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Causal Models, Error of Measurement, Guidelines
Qinyun Lin; Amy K. Nuttall; Qian Zhang; Kenneth A. Frank – Grantee Submission, 2023
Empirical studies often demonstrate multiple causal mechanisms potentially involving simultaneous or causally related mediators. However, researchers often use simple mediation models to understand the processes because they do not or cannot measure other theoretically relevant mediators. In such cases, another potentially relevant but unobserved…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Mediation Theory, Error of Measurement, Statistical Inference
Yanping Pei; Adam Sales; Johann Gagnon-Bartsch – Grantee Submission, 2024
Randomized A/B tests within online learning platforms enable us to draw unbiased causal estimators. However, precise estimates of treatment effects can be challenging due to minimal participation, resulting in underpowered A/B tests. Recent advancements indicate that leveraging auxiliary information from detailed logs and employing design-based…
Descriptors: Randomized Controlled Trials, Learning Management Systems, Causal Models, Learning Analytics
Ben-Michael, Eli; Feller, Avi; Rothstein, Jesse – Grantee Submission, 2022
Staggered adoption of policies by different units at different times creates promising opportunities for observational causal inference. Estimation remains challenging, however, and common regression methods can give misleading results. A promising alternative is the synthetic control method (SCM), which finds a weighted average of control units…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Statistical Inference, Computation, Evaluation Methods
Ke-Hai Yuan; Zhiyong Zhang; Lijuan Wang – Grantee Submission, 2024
Mediation analysis plays an important role in understanding causal processes in social and behavioral sciences. While path analysis with composite scores was criticized to yield biased parameter estimates when variables contain measurement errors, recent literature has pointed out that the population values of parameters of latent-variable models…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Path Analysis, Weighted Scores, Comparative Testing
Arel-Bundock, Vincent – Sociological Methods & Research, 2022
Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is an influential methodological approach motivated by set theory and boolean logic. QCA proponents have developed algorithms to analyze quantitative data, in a bid to uncover necessary and sufficient conditions where causal relationships are complex, conditional, or asymmetric. This article uses computer…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Qualitative Research, Attribution Theory, Computer Simulation
Pashley, Nicole E.; Miratrix, Luke W. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2021
Evaluating blocked randomized experiments from a potential outcomes perspective has two primary branches of work. The first focuses on larger blocks, with multiple treatment and control units in each block. The second focuses on matched pairs, with a single treatment and control unit in each block. These literatures not only provide different…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Statistical Inference, Research Methodology, Computation
Scott, Paul Wesley – Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 2019
Two approaches to causal inference in the presence of non-random assignment are presented: The Propensity Score approach which pseudo-randomizes by balancing groups on observed propensity to be in treatment, and the Endogenous Treatment Effects approach which utilizes systems of equations to explicitly model selection into treatment. The three…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Statistical Inference, Probability, Scores
Ellison, George T. H. – Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education, 2021
Temporality-driven covariate classification had limited impact on: the specification of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) by 85 novice analysts (medical undergraduates); or the risk of bias in DAG-informed multivariable models designed to generate causal inference from observational data. Only 71 students (83.5%) managed to complete the…
Descriptors: Statistics Education, Medical Education, Undergraduate Students, Graphs
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