The rise of the digital era has led to a decline in handwriting as the primary mode of communication, resulting in negative effects on handwriting literacy, particularly in complex writing systems such as Chinese. The marginalization of handwriting has contributed to the deterioration of penmanship, defined as the ability to write aesthetically…

As computer-based testing becomes more prevalent, the attention paid to response time (RT) in assessment practice and psychometric research correspondingly increases. This study explores the rate of Type I error in detecting preknowledge cheating behaviors, the power of the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence measure, and the L person fit statistic…

Digital games (DGs) have the potential to immerse learners in simulated real-world environments that foster contextualised and active learning experiences. These also offer opportunities for performance assessments by providing an environment for students to carry out tasks requiring the application of knowledge and skills learned in the…

Example-generation tasks have been suggested as an effective way to both promote students' learning of mathematics and assess students' understanding of concepts. E-assessment offers the potential to use example-generation tasks with large groups of students, but there has been little research on this approach so far. Across two studies, we…

In light of the widespread adoption of technology-enhanced learning and assessment platforms, there is a growing demand for innovative, high-quality, and diverse assessment questions. Automatic Question Generation (AQG) has emerged as a valuable solution, enabling educators and assessment developers to efficiently produce a large volume of test…

In the last few decades, the expansion of online learning and online assessment has attracted both negative and positive attention, some of which has celebrated the flexibility and individualised affordances of online learning contexts, while also lamenting the overuse of one-size-fits-all teaching approaches. Virtual learning contexts have been…

This study compares how the generative AI (GenAI) large language model (LLM) ChatGPT performs in grading university exams compared to human teachers. Aspects investigated include consistency, large discrepancies and length of answer. Implications for higher education, including the role of teachers and ethics, are also discussed. Three…

Driven by technological innovations, continuous digital expansion has transformed fundamentally the landscape of modern higher education, leading to discussions about evaluation techniques. The emergence of generative artificial intelligence raises questions about reliability and academic honesty regarding multiple-choice assessments in online…

This paper contributes to the ongoing efforts aimed at enhancing Outcome-Based Education (OBE) assessment methodologies by addressing some critical gaps and exploring new solutions. Our work focuses on two main areas: firstly, this study proposes an improved assessment method for OBE. It refines traditional approaches by classifying course…

Teachers, examiners and assessment experts know from experience that some candidates annotate exam questions. "Annotation" includes anything the candidate writes or draws outside of the designated response space, such as underlining, jotting, circling, sketching and calculating. Annotations are of interest because they may evidence…

Arithmetic fluency is regarded as a foundational math skill, typically measured as a single construct with pencil-and-paper-based timed assessments. We introduce a tablet-based assessment of single-digit fluency that captures individual trial response times across several embedded experimental contrasts of interest. A large (n = 824) cohort of…

Automated essay scoring (AES), where natural language processing is applied to score written text, can underpin educational resources in blended and distance learning. AES performance has typically been reported in terms of correlation coefficients or agreement statistics calculated between a system and an expert human examiner. We describe the…

Item compromise has long posed challenges in educational measurement, jeopardizing both test validity and test security of continuous tests. Detecting compromised items is therefore crucial to address this concern. The present literature on compromised item detection reveals two notable gaps: First, the majority of existing methods are based upon…

The purpose of this study is to describe and evaluate a multilingual automated essay scoring (AES) system for grading essays in three languages. Two different sentence embedding models were evaluated within the AES system, multilingual BERT (mBERT) and language-agnostic BERT sentence embedding (LaBSE). German, Italian, and Czech essays were…

Technological affordances have shown promising potential in advancing the delivery of corporate learning programmes designed for professional leadership development. However, there is a considerable challenge in evaluating learners' skill acquisition, with most of the past research relying on pre- and post-tests or other forms of self-reports to…