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Zaman, Jonas; Yu, Kenny; Lee, Jessica C. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
In the field of stimulus generalization, an old yet unresolved discussion pertains to what extent stimulus misidentifications contribute to the pattern of conditioned responding. In this article, we perform cluster analysis on six datasets (four published datasets and two unpublished datasets, included N = 950) to examine the relationship between…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Stimuli, Identification, Cognitive Processes
Vigo, Ronaldo; Doan, Charles A.; Zhao, Li – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
The quest for determining the degree of learning difficulty associated with different types of categories has been instrumental in our understanding of human categorization behavior and, more broadly, human generalization. For instance, we now know that the topological nature of the dimensions (e.g., whether these are integral or separable) that…
Descriptors: Discrimination Learning, Classification, Learning Processes, Difficulty Level
Lovibond, Peter F.; Lee, Jessica C.; Hayes, Brett K. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Generalization of learning can arise from 2 distinct sources: failure to discriminate a novel test stimulus from the trained stimulus and active extrapolation from the trained stimulus to the test stimulus despite them being discriminable. We investigated these 2 processes in a predictive learning task by testing stimulus discriminability…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Discrimination Learning, Perception, Generalization
Martínez-García, Cristina; Cuetos, Fernando; Suárez-Coalla, Paz – Journal for the Study of Education and Development, 2022
It is common to see mirror errors in letters in early stages of reading due to the mirror-generalization process that allows a visual stimulus to be identified independently of its orientation. To avoid such errors, this process must be inhibited. A special case would be children with dyslexia since their difficulties with the alphabetic code may…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Dyslexia, Spanish, Alphabets
George, David N.; Oltean, Bianca P. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Learning to categorize perceptually similar stimuli can result in people becoming more sensitive to differences along perceptual dimensions that are relevant to category membership and/or less sensitive to equivalent differences along irrelevant perceptual dimensions. These effects of acquired distinctiveness and acquired equivalence may be caused…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, College Students, Associative Learning, Learning Processes
Bowman, Caitlin R.; Zeithamova, Dagmar – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Building conceptual knowledge that generalizes to novel situations is a key function of human memory. Category-learning paradigms have long been used to understand the mechanisms of knowledge generalization. In the present study, we tested the conditions that promote formation of new concepts. Participants underwent 1 of 6 training conditions that…
Descriptors: Concept Formation, Generalization, Discrimination Learning, Classification
Lee, Jessica C.; Hayes, Brett K.; Lovibond, Peter F. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Two experiments tested whether a peak-shifted generalization gradient could be explained by the averaging of distinct gradients displayed in subgroups reporting different generalization rules. Across experiments using a causal judgment task (Experiment 1) and a fear conditioning paradigm (Experiment 2), we found a close concordance between…
Descriptors: Generalization, Associative Learning, Discrimination Learning, Learning Theories
Ferrara, Nicole C.; Cullen, Patrick K.; Pullins, Shane P.; Rotondo, Elena K.; Helmstetter, Fred J. – Learning & Memory, 2017
Generalization of fear can involve abnormal responding to cues that signal safety and is common in people diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Differential auditory fear conditioning can be used as a tool to measure changes in fear discrimination and generalization. Most prior work in this area has focused on elevated amygdala activity…
Descriptors: Fear, Brain, Memory, Discrimination Learning
de Castro, Ana Catarina; Machado, Armando – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2012
In a temporal double bisection task, animals learn two discriminations. In the presence of Red and Green keys, responses to Red are reinforced after 1-s samples and responses to Green are reinforced after 4-s samples; in the presence of Blue and Yellow keys, responses to Blue are reinforced after 4-s samples and responses to Yellow are reinforced…
Descriptors: Animals, Reinforcement, Context Effect, Probability
Vervliet, Bram; Iberico, Carlos; Vervoort, Ellen; Baeyens, Frank – Learning and Motivation, 2011
Generalization gradients have been investigated widely in animal conditioning experiments, but much less so in human predictive learning tasks. Here, we apply the experimental design of a recent study on conditioned fear generalization in humans (Lissek et al., 2008) to a predictive learning task, and examine the effects of a number of relevant…
Descriptors: Animals, Research Design, Testing, Conditioning
Derenne, Adam – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2010
A shift in generalization gradients away from S+ and towards stimuli on the opposite end of the stimulus dimension from S- is a well established phenomenon in the laboratory, occurring with humans and nonhumans and with a wide range of stimuli. The phenomenon of gradient shifts has also been observed to have an analogous relationship to a variety…
Descriptors: Stimulus Generalization, Discrimination Learning, Shift Studies, Visual Stimuli
Weiss, Stanley J.; Kearns, David N.; Antoshina, Maria – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2009
According to the composite-stimulus control model (Weiss, 1969, 1972b), an individual discriminative stimulus (S[superscript D]) is composed of that S[superscript D]'s on-state plus the off-states of all other relevant S[superscript D]s. The present experiment investigated the reversibility of composite-stimulus control. Separate groups of rats…
Descriptors: Stimulus Generalization, Discrimination Learning, Animals, Behavioral Science Research

Smeets, Paul M.; Barnes-Holmes, Dermot; Roche, Bryan – Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2001
Trained preschoolers and adults on three sets of successive discriminations with stimuli labeled A, B, and R. Tested for derived stimulus-response relations and stimulus-stimulus relations. Adults displayed class-consistent B-R and A-B performances over all conditions. Children's display of class-consistent B-R performance varied by training…
Descriptors: Adults, Age Differences, Concept Formation, Discrimination Learning

Fisher, Celia B.; Braine, Lila G. – Child Development, 1981
Found that preschool children can form abstract concepts of left and right which are not bound to the specific training context: children were able to generalize to new figures and to new spatial locations. The nature of the preschool child's left-right judgments is discussed. (Author/RH)
Descriptors: Concept Formation, Discrimination Learning, Generalization, Preschool Children

Stoddard, Lawrence T.; McIlvane, William J. – Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1989
Two-year-olds discriminated two original training stimuli nearly perfectly, thereby showing that some form of controlling stimulus-response relation had been established. Most children's generalization gradients had little or no slope. Results are not consistent with earlier generalization data from young children. (RH)
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Discrimination Learning, Generalization, Toddlers