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Callaghan, Tara C. – Child Development, 1999
Two experiments examined children's ability to understand and produce graphic symbols for social communication. Found that 2-year-olds did not effectively produce symbols or use an experimenter's symbols. Three- and 4-year-olds improved their symbols after use in social communication and performed above chance with the experimenter's symbol;…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Interpersonal Communication, Performance Factors
Presson, Clark C. – 1983
Reported are research findings that (1) illustrate the importance of primary spatial orientation for children's and adults' use of symbolic spatial skills and (2) indicate the importance of the distinction between primary and secondary spatial orientation. At least two major ways exist in which humans gather and use spatial information. The…
Descriptors: Adults, Children, Cognitive Development, Egocentrism

Troseth, Georgene L.; DeLoache, Judy S. – Child Development, 1998
Examined whether toddlers would use information presented through video to solve a retrieval problem. Found that 2.5-year-olds were very successful at finding a hidden toy based on viewing a televised hiding event, but 2-year-olds were not. Substantially better performance was achieved by other 2-year-olds who either watched or believed they were…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Comparative Analysis

Lieberth, Ann K.; Gamble, Mary Ellen Bellile – Journal of Communication Disorders, 1991
This study evaluated the recognition and retention of transparent and nontransparent manual signs by 50 sign-naive hearing college freshmen. There was a significant decrease in the number of nontransparent signs retained as the period of time after training increased. Implications for sign language training with nonverbal hearing persons are…
Descriptors: College Freshmen, Communication Disorders, Higher Education, Maintenance
Spencer, Patricia Elizabeth; And Others – 1993
Play behaviors of infants who had normal hearing or were deaf were observed during free play with their mothers, at ages 9, 12, and 18 months. Participants included 15 dyads of children who were deaf and mothers who were not, 15 dyads of children and mothers who were both deaf, and 15 dyads of children and mothers who both had normal hearing.…
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Deafness, Developmental Stages, Expressive Language