Three-, 4-, and 5-year-olds performed Tower of London problems under spoken, manual, and combined (requiring both spoken and manual) response conditions. Preschoolers' solutions were most goal-focused when required to give only a spoken response, intermediately goal-focused when required to give both response types, and least goal-focused when…

A controlled experiment studying effects of adding voice-over sound to a silent electronic text service tested program acceptability and memory retention. Results indicate no significant differences in ratings for acceptability although the test for memory retention resulted in significantly higher scores for the sound group on recall and…

A study of employed undergraduate management students was conducted to determine whether responses on computerized surveys are more candid than those on paper-and-pencil scales. Subjects were given either a paper-and-pencil or a computer version of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and the Self-Monitoring Scale to measure job satisfaction. (43…

The similarities and differences in the responses student writers received from peer groups communicating face-to-face and by electronic mail were examined in this study. Subjects were 20 English/language arts teacher education students at the University of Virginia, who were divided into four groups with each group randomized to a treatment order…

Ten college classes of speech communication students were used to examine the relationships among prior attitude, mode of presentation, and distortion of a high intensity (positive) persuasive communication. Three classes heard messages while four classes read messages. The remaining three classes were not exposed to messages and served as a…

In a series of four experiments, subjects used scales of loudness, pitch, and brightness to evaluate the meanings of a variety of synesthetic metaphors--expressions in which words or phrases describing experiences proper to one sense modality transfer their meaning to another modality. (Author/PN)

A study of 130 undergraduate students enrolled in a course on auiovisual techniques sought to determine whether heuristic or algorithmic computer-based problem solving training would be differentially effective for students varying in cognitive complexity as measured by the Educational Set Scale (ESS). The interaction was investigated between one…

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between academic achievement, rote learning, learning for understanding, cognitive style, and the medium of presentation (print versus television) for adult students in lifelong learning situations. A content learning package was prepared for presentation in the two media and…

To help people prevent weight gain, the Netherlands Nutrition Centre initiated the "balance intervention", which promotes moderation of food intake and/or increased physical activity in response to occasions of overeating. The aim of this study was to determine whether intervention materials were appreciated, encouraged information…