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Yan Xia; Xinchang Zhou – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2025
Parallel analysis has been considered one of the most accurate methods for determining the number of factors in factor analysis. One major advantage of parallel analysis over traditional factor retention methods (e.g., Kaiser's rule) is that it addresses the sampling variability of eigenvalues obtained from the identity matrix, representing the…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Statistical Analysis, Evaluation Methods, Sampling
Tugay Kaçak; Abdullah Faruk Kiliç – International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 2025
Researchers continue to choose PCA in scale development and adaptation studies because it is the default setting and overestimates measurement quality. When PCA is utilized in investigations, the explained variance and factor loadings can be exaggerated. PCA, in contrast to the models given in the literature, should be investigated in…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Monte Carlo Methods, Mathematical Models, Sample Size
Dexin Shi; Bo Zhang; Ren Liu; Zhehan Jiang – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2024
Multiple imputation (MI) is one of the recommended techniques for handling missing data in ordinal factor analysis models. However, methods for computing MI-based fit indices under ordinal factor analysis models have yet to be developed. In this short note, we introduced the methods of using the standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and…
Descriptors: Goodness of Fit, Factor Analysis, Simulation, Accuracy
Jinying Ouyang; Zhehan Jiang; Christine DiStefano; Junhao Pan; Yuting Han; Lingling Xu; Dexin Shi; Fen Cai – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
Precisely estimating factor scores is challenging, especially when models are mis-specified. Stemming from network analysis, centrality measures offer an alternative approach to estimating the scores. Using a two-fold simulation design with varying availability of a priori theoretical knowledge, this study implemented hybrid centrality to estimate…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Computation, Network Analysis, Scores
Karl Schweizer; Andreas Gold; Dorothea Krampen; Stefan Troche – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2024
Conceptualizing two-variable disturbances preventing good model fit in confirmatory factor analysis as item-level method effects instead of correlated residuals avoids violating the principle that residual variation is unique for each item. The possibility of representing such a disturbance by a method factor of a bifactor measurement model was…
Descriptors: Correlation, Factor Analysis, Measurement Techniques, Item Analysis
André Beauducel; Norbert Hilger; Tobias Kuhl – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2024
Regression factor score predictors have the maximum factor score determinacy, that is, the maximum correlation with the corresponding factor, but they do not have the same inter-correlations as the factors. As it might be useful to compute factor score predictors that have the same inter-correlations as the factors, correlation-preserving factor…
Descriptors: Scores, Factor Analysis, Correlation, Predictor Variables
Hoang V. Nguyen; Niels G. Waller – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2024
We conducted an extensive Monte Carlo study of factor-rotation local solutions (LS) in multidimensional, two-parameter logistic (M2PL) item response models. In this study, we simulated more than 19,200 data sets that were drawn from 96 model conditions and performed more than 7.6 million rotations to examine the influence of (a) slope parameter…
Descriptors: Monte Carlo Methods, Item Response Theory, Correlation, Error of Measurement
Daniel McNeish; Patrick D. Manapat – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
A recent review found that 11% of published factor models are hierarchical models with second-order factors. However, dedicated recommendations for evaluating hierarchical model fit have yet to emerge. Traditional benchmarks like RMSEA <0.06 or CFI >0.95 are often consulted, but they were never intended to generalize to hierarchical models.…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Goodness of Fit, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Benchmarking
Yan Xia; Selim Havan – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2024
Although parallel analysis has been found to be an accurate method for determining the number of factors in many conditions with complete data, its application under missing data is limited. The existing literature recommends that, after using an appropriate multiple imputation method, researchers either apply parallel analysis to every imputed…
Descriptors: Data Interpretation, Factor Analysis, Statistical Inference, Research Problems
Liang, Xinya; Cao, Chunhua – Journal of Experimental Education, 2023
To evaluate multidimensional factor structure, a popular method that combines features of confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis is Bayesian structural equation modeling with small-variance normal priors (BSEM-N). This simulation study evaluated BSEM-N as a variable selection and parameter estimation tool in factor analysis with sparse…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Bayesian Statistics, Structural Equation Models, Simulation
Korevaar, Elizabeth; Turner, Simon L.; Forbes, Andrew B.; Karahalios, Amalia; Taljaard, Monica; McKenzie, Joanne E. – Research Synthesis Methods, 2023
Interrupted time series (ITS) are often meta-analysed to inform public health and policy decisions but examination of the statistical methods for ITS analysis and meta-analysis in this context is limited. We simulated meta-analyses of ITS studies with continuous outcome data, analysed the studies using segmented linear regression with two…
Descriptors: Meta Analysis, Maximum Likelihood Statistics, Factor Analysis, Public Health
Goretzko, David – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2022
Determining the number of factors in exploratory factor analysis is arguably the most crucial decision a researcher faces when conducting the analysis. While several simulation studies exist that compare various so-called factor retention criteria under different data conditions, little is known about the impact of missing data on this process.…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Research Problems, Data, Prediction
Guo, Wenjing; Choi, Youn-Jeng – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2023
Determining the number of dimensions is extremely important in applying item response theory (IRT) models to data. Traditional and revised parallel analyses have been proposed within the factor analysis framework, and both have shown some promise in assessing dimensionality. However, their performance in the IRT framework has not been…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Evaluation Methods, Factor Analysis, Guidelines
Jehanzeb Rashid Cheema – Journal of Education in Muslim Societies, 2024
This study explores the relationship between the Spiral Dynamics and the 3H (head, heart, hands) models of human growth and development, using constructs such as empathy, moral reasoning, forgiveness, and community mindedness that have been shown to have implications for education. The specific research question is, "Can a combination of…
Descriptors: Correlation, Factor Analysis, Computer Software, Moral Values
Xiao, Leifeng; Hau, Kit-Tai – Applied Measurement in Education, 2023
We compared coefficient alpha with five alternatives (omega total, omega RT, omega h, GLB, and coefficient H) in two simulation studies. Results showed for unidimensional scales, (a) all indices except omega h performed similarly well for most conditions; (b) alpha is still good; (c) GLB and coefficient H overestimated reliability with small…
Descriptors: Test Theory, Test Reliability, Factor Analysis, Test Length