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Hoffman, R. Gene; Wise, Lauress L. – 2000
Classical test theory is based on the concept of a true score for each examinee, defined as the expected or average score across an infinite number of repeated parallel tests. In most cases, there is only a score from a single administration of the test in question. The difference between this single observed score and the underlying true score is…
Descriptors: Achievement, Classification, Observation, Probability
Williams, J. S.; Amir, G. S. – 1995
This study sought to determine: (1) what children understand about "chance" when they begin secondary school?; and (2) how common and how influential the use of informal heuristics, approaches, and biases is in their thinking about probability in the school context. Children's understanding of chance, attributions of events to…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Elementary School Students, Foreign Countries, Heuristics
Sloan, James E. – Center for Education Policy, Applied Research, and Evaluation, 2006
The purpose of this study was to determine what, or part of what, makes academic success probable or improbable for a student. The core research question was, Which practices, characteristics, and circumstances of students, families, schools, school districts, and communities tend to give Maine students a higher probability of meeting state…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Probability, Academic Standards, State Standards