The development of reflective processes and the role of self-reflection in learning are examined. It is suggested that analysis of levels of conceptions or psychological processes through the phenomenographic method may clarify the development of metacognitive beliefs. Learning to use metacognitive knowledge and training reflective skills are…

The U.S. research on cognition that has set a framework for educational practice is discussed; attention is given to trends in the design of instructional innovation. Research considered includes analyses of textbook structure, content, and problem exercises, teacher explanations, and structured classroom interactions. (SLD)