In using large language models (LLMs) for education, such as distractors in multiple-choice questions and learning by teaching, error-containing content is used. Prompt tuning and retraining LLMs are possible ways of having LLMs generate error-containing sentences in the learning content. However, there needs to be more discussion on how to tune…

Regular expression (regex) coding has advantages for text analysis. Humans are often able to quickly construct intelligible coding rules with high precision. That is, researchers can identify words and word patterns that correctly classify examples of a particular concept. And, it is often easy to identify false positives and improve the regex…

Automated scoring of student language is a complex task that requires systems to emulate complex and multi-faceted human evaluation criteria. Summary scoring brings an additional layer of complexity to automated scoring because it involves two texts of differing lengths that must be compared. In this study, we present our approach to automate…

Automatically identifying struggling students learning to program can assist teachers in providing timely and focused help. This work presents a new deep-learning language model for predicting "bug-fix-time", the expected duration between when a software bug occurs and the time it will be fixed by the student. Such information can guide…

In contrast to simple feedback, which provides students with the correct answer, elaborated feedback provides an explanation of the correct answer with respect to the student's error. Elaborated feedback is thus a challenge for AI in education systems because it requires dynamic explanations, which traditionally require logical reasoning and…

An online peer-assessment system typically allows students to give textual feedback to their peers, with the goal of helping the peers improve their work. The amount of help that students receive is highly dependent on the quality of the reviews. Previous studies have investigated using machine learning to detect characteristics of reviews (e.g.,…

Questions exist as to whether AI tools, such as ChatGPT, can aid learning. This study examined whether in-class exercises involving error detection in text generated by ChatGPT can aid students' foreign language writing. Participants were Arabic-English speakers who were classified as ranging from modest to competent English users according to…

Three categories of audio recordings, a web service platform, and commercial software were involved in this analysis process. The three categories of audio recordings included eight filtered student recordings, an audio recording provided by a Mandarin instructor from University Malaysia Sabah, and an audio recording generated by Text-to-Speech…

In line with the rapid advancement in educational technology, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in particular, the teaching and learning of the English language has undergone a significant transformation. This paper aims to explore students' perceptions of integrating AI into the English as a foreign language (EFL) learning…

The rule space model permits measurement of cognitive skill acquisition, diagnosis of cognitive errors, and detection of the strengths and weaknesses of knowledge possessed by individuals. Two ways to classify an individual into his or her most plausible latent state of knowledge include: (1) hypothesis testing--Bayes' decision rules for minimum…