This study investigates whether color and background information in motion visuals have different effects on memory and comprehension of students in various grade levels. A three-by-three factorial pretest-posttest design was used, comparing levels of visual complexity and grade levels. The instructional content was a 12-minute computer animation…

Adjunct questions were inserted after each of 12 computer-animated graphics sequences shown to 160 eighth-grade science students. These sequences presented two relationships in a purely spatial fashion. Four randomly assigned treatment groups received questions targeting one of the two relationships (temperature or molecular motion) over all or…

Historical thinking involves being able to conceptualize historical events from multiple perspectives and to relate historical data within these. Hypermedia has enormous potential for supporting the development of historical thinking because it is open, nonlinear, and heterogeneous in ways other media is not; it can physically represent…