Correlation-based approaches to causal analysis contain too much irrelevant information that masks and modulates the true nature of causal processes in the world. Both causal modeling and path analysis/structural equations give the wrong answers for certain conceptions of causation, given certain assumptions about the "error" variables.…

The strategies college students use to retain material that is low in meaningfulness were studied. Participants were 149 undergraduate teacher-training students in human development and learning classes. Students randomly received and were asked to memorize one of three 15-item lists: nonsense syllables, unrelated words, or related words. A brief…

The relationships between classroom performance and five possible predictor variables were studied. The ways in which these variables relate to performance in a classroom learning situation were examined, with the hypothesis that attributional style and motivation would be the best predictors of classroom performance. The variables were: (1)…