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Direct linkEngzell, Per – Sociological Methods & Research, 2021
In studies of educational achievement, students' self-reported number of books in the family home is a frequently used proxy for social, cultural, and economic background. Absent hard evidence about what this variable captures or how well, its use has been motivated by strong associations with student outcomes. I show that these associations rest…
Descriptors: Educational Research, Research Problems, Books, Socioeconomic Background
Download full textMullis, Ina V.S.; Martin, Michael O.; Foy, Pierre; Drucker, Kathleen T. – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2012
PIRLS is an international assessment of reading comprehension at the fourth grade that has been conducted every five years since 2001. In 2011, nationally representative samples of students in 49 countries participated in PIRLS and prePIRLS. Forty-five countries assessed fourth grade students, and some countries participated in one or more of the…
Descriptors: Reading Achievement, Reading Comprehension, Grade 4, International Studies
