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Engzell, Per – Sociological Methods & Research, 2021
In studies of educational achievement, students' self-reported number of books in the family home is a frequently used proxy for social, cultural, and economic background. Absent hard evidence about what this variable captures or how well, its use has been motivated by strong associations with student outcomes. I show that these associations rest…
Descriptors: Educational Research, Research Problems, Books, Socioeconomic Background
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Huang, Hong; Tse, Shek-kam; Chu, Samuel Kai-Wah; Xiao, Xiao-yun; Lam, Joseph Wai-ip; Ng, Rex Hung-Wai; Hui, Sau-Yan – Information Research: An International Electronic Journal, 2019
Introduction: This study examines the impact of the availability of reading resources in the school, the classroom, the home and the social environment on the reading proficiency of Grade Four primary school students in Hong Kong. Method: Data about the reading performance of Hong Kong students in the 2011 Progress in International Reading…
Descriptors: Family Environment, Reading Materials, Reading Achievement, Elementary School Students
Martin, Michael O., Ed.; Mullis, Ina V. S., Ed. – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2013
TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) is an international assessment of mathematics and science at the fourth and eighth grades that has been conducted every four years since 1995, with the most recent assessment in 2011. PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) is an international assessment of reading…
Descriptors: Student Evaluation, Mathematics Achievement, Science Achievement, Grade 4