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Direct linkAbdullah Faruk Kiliç; Meltem Acar Güvendir; Gül Güler; Tugay Kaçak – Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 2025
In this study, the extent to wording effects impact structure and factor loadings, internal consistency and measurement invariance was outlined. The modified form, which includes items that semantically reversed, explains %21.5 more variance than the original form. Also, reversed items' factor loadings are higher. As a result of CFA, indexes…
Descriptors: Test Items, Factor Structure, Test Reliability, Semantics
