The past decades witness an ongoing interest in reconceptualizing writing as digital multimodal composing (DMC). The emergence of language and multimodal generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools leads to new forms of DMC processes and products. Yet prior studies have mostly examined non-GAI-assisted DMC, and few have explored how…

Intelligent Personal Assistant (IPA) has emerged as a valuable tool for EFL learning by offering interactive authentic contexts. Although IPA is believed to be motivational and useful, empirical evidence is limited and contradictory, especially the efficacy of listening comprehension. Therefore, the study investigated the impact of IPA on…