The purpose of this study was to verify a Chinese version of Community of Inquiry (CoI) instrument with learning presence and explore the causal relationships of the factors in the instrument. This study first examined the reliability and validity of the instrument. All four presences had acceptable levels of reliability (all Cronbach's a >…

Australia is a multicultural society and, in recent years, Asian immigration has increased tremendously. In terms of the educational participation of Asian-Australian students, students from non-English-speaking backgrounds are not highly represented in humanities, arts, and education courses. They prefer business, engineering, science, and…